Constitutional Amendments and their Impacts on the Democratic Development in Mubarak Era

Abstract

The Constitutions document contains a set of rules that determines the political system of the state and the relationship of the state to the individual from the political point considering the rights and the public freedoms and thus its topics includes the state and its political system (which basically cares about the legislative authority then the executive and judicial authorities) and the rights of the individuals and there freedoms. The study will handle the constitutional amendments and their impact on democratic development since the approval of the late President, Mohammed Anwar Al-Sadat in 22 May, 1980 on the first constitutional amendment which included five articles (1,24,5,77) then the second constitutional amendment by the President Mubarak, the important article (No.76) that concerns the manner of choosing  the President, and the addition of article 192 repeated, where the amendment was a result of a referendum on the constitution that was held in May, 2005.Then came the third amendment in March 2007 that modifies (34) articles, which changed the form of the State in terms of its economic ideology. Although these constitutional amendments, but the implications of these amendments on pushing the democratic development in Mubarak era  into the political system was limited, whereas the constitutional amendments appear to be compatible with the democratic development process, but in fact it is not as it looks like. Here comes the importance of the research in this difference that makes a conflict in the visions and the perceptions to the democratic development of the Egyptian political system in Mubarak Era.