Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad Babur and His Role in Establishing the Mughal Empire in India (932–937 AH / 1526–1530 CE)

الملخص

This study examines the historical role of Zahir al-Din Muhammad Babur, the Timurid ruler and founder of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent during the period (932–937 AH / 1526–1530 CE). It analyzes the political and military factors that enabled Babur to establish a new state in northern India. The research explores the political conditions in Central Asia during the late Timurid period and the rise of the Uzbeks, which contributed to Babur’s political struggles and his eventual shift toward India. It also examines the political situation in India during the decline of the Lodi dynasty, whose internal conflicts facilitated Babur’s intervention. The study highlights Babur’s military campaigns, particularly the First Battle of Panipat, which led to the fall of the Lodi Sultanate and the establishment of Mughal rule. It also addresses his later conflicts with Afghan and Rajput forces that helped consolidate Mughal authority in northern India. In addition, the study examines the intellectual and cultural aspects of Babur’s personality, emphasizing his memoir, the Baburnama, one of the most important historical sources for the history of Central Asia and India in the sixteenth century. The study concludes that Babur was not only a successful military leader but also a political founder whose achievements laid the foundations of one of the most influential empires in Islamic history